2014年化学高考卷全国二卷,2014高考化学大纲

1.2014高考北京化学一道选择题的选项，求解

解：A．酸溶液、碱溶液抑制了水的电离，溶液显示中性前，随着氨水的加入，溶液中氢离子浓度之间进行，水的电离程度逐渐增大；当氨水过量后，随着溶液中氢氧根离子浓度逐渐增大，水的电离程度之间减小，所以滴加过程中，水的电离程度先增大后减小，故A错误；

B．氨水的电离常数为：K=c(OH?)?c(NH +4 ) c(NH3?H2O)

，c（OH-）与氢氧根离子浓度成反比，随着氨水的滴入，氢氧根离子浓度逐渐增大，所以该比值逐渐减小，故B错误；

C．根据物料守恒，n（CH3COOH）与n（CH3COO-）之和始终保持不变，由于溶液体积逐渐增大，所以c（CH3COOH）与c（CH3COO-）之和逐渐减小，故C错误；

D．当加入氨水的体积为10mL时，醋酸和一水合氨的物质的量相等，由于二者的电离常数相等，所以溶液显示中性，c（H+）=c（OH-），根据电荷守恒可知：c（NH4+）=c（CH3COO-），故D正确；

故选D．

2014高考北京化学一道选择题的选项，求解

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1. abuse[?'bju:s] n.滥用 Much of the crime in this area is related to drug abuse.

[?bjuz]v. 滥用I'm afraid the position is open to abuse.

2. academy[?'k?d?m?] n. 专科学校；学会，学院He passed into the Military Academy with no difficulty.

3. adequate [?d?kw?t] adj. 足够的；适当的Wear clothes that provide adequate protection against the wind and rain.

4. adolescent[?d?lesnt] n. 少年adj. 青春期的The adolescent period is one's best time.

5. advocate ['?dv?ke?t] vt. 提倡We advocate solving international dispute by negotiation, instead of appealing to arms. 我们主张通过协商解决国际争端，而不主张诉诸武力。

6. agency ['e?d?ns?] n. 代理；机构He was placed in Xin Hua News Agency as a translator. 他被安排在新华通讯社当翻译。

7. aggressive [?gres?v] You'd better keep the two aggressive boys apart. 你最好把那两个好斗的男孩分开。

8. amateur n. 业余爱好者 adj. 业余的Although Tom's only an amateur he's a first-class player. 虽然汤姆只是个业余爱好者，但却是一流的高手。

9. ambiguous[?m?b?gju?s] adj. 含糊的This sentence is ambiguous in sense. 这个句子意思不清楚。

10. apparent [?'p?r?nt] adj. 易看见的It was apparent from her face that she was really upset. 从面容上一眼就可以看出她确实心绪烦乱。

11. applaud [?'pl?:d] vt. 鼓掌欢迎vi.鼓掌The audience laughed and applauded

12. applicant [?pl?k?nt] n. 申请人This applicant is by far the better than that one.

13. architect [?ɑ:k?tekt] n. 建筑师. The new building was built from the design of a famous architect.

14. assume [?'sju:m] vt.假设It is reasonable to assume that he knew beforehand that this would happen. 有理由认为他事先就知道会发生这样的事。

15. authentic [?:?θent?k] adj. 真的，真正的This is an authentic news report. We can depend on it.

16. awesome ['?:s?m] adj. 令人敬畏的；可怕的They had an awesome task ahead.

17. bachelor ['b?t?l?] n. 学士；单身汉Distrusting women, he remained a bachelor all his life.

18. balcony ['b?lk?n?] n. 阳台There were tubs of flowers on the balcony.

19. biochemistry [?ba'kem?str?] n. 生物化学

20. bonus ['b?n?s] n. 奖金，额外津贴；红利. The workers expected to share out a year-end bonus. 工人们期望年终分红。

21. boom [bu:m] n.繁荣 The country is having a great boom in industry.

22. bound [ba?nd] adj. 必然会Pete, ever the optimist, said things were bound to improve. 一向乐观的皮特说，事情必定是会好转的。

23. boundary ['ba?ndr?] n. 分界线 A river forms the boundary between the two countries.

24. brunch [br?nt?] n. 早午餐 They eat much the same thing for brunch every day. 每天早午餐他们总是吃同样的东西。

25. bunch [b?nt?] n. 束，串She picked a large bunch of flowers for table decoration. 她采了一大捧花来装饰桌子。

26. capsule n. ['k?psju:l] 胶囊；航天舱The doctor advised me to take a capsule this morning.

27. cast [kɑ:st] vt. 铸造；投掷She cast a welcoming smile in his direction. 她向他微笑以示欢迎。

28. category [?k?t?g?ri] n. 类型，种类These questions may be included in the same category. 这些问题可以归入一类。

29. catholic [?k?θl?k] adj.天主教的

30. chef [?ef] n. 厨师No one can become a chef without practical experience.

31. commit [k?'m?t] vt. 犯罪；把…托付给I have never committed any crime... 我从来没犯过罪。

32. compass ['k?mp?s] n. 罗盘；指南针The invention of the compass was referred to China. 指南针是中国发明的。

33. compromise ['k?mpr?ma?z] vi. 折中解决；妥协The spokesman made it evident that no compromise was yet in sight. 发言人表示，目前还不会妥协。

34. confidential [?k?nf?'den?l] adj. 秘密的He refused to allow his secretary to handle confidential letters. 他不让秘书处理机密文件。

35. consequence [?k?nsikw?ns] n. 结果 The consequence was that he caught a bad cold. 结果是他得了重感冒。

36. conservative [k?n?s?:v?t?v] adj. 保守的 Politically, they belonged to the conservative party and opposed reform. 在政治上，他们是保守派，反对改革。

37. consistent [k?n?s?st?nt] adj. 一致的 His action is always consistent with his words. 他始终言行一致。

38. consult [k?n's?lt] vi. 商议vt. 请教 If you have no idea about it, consult a dictionary, please. 要是你对这个问题不清楚，请你查字典得了。

39. contradict [?k?ntr?'d?kt] vt. 反驳Young children should never contradict what their parents say. 孩子们绝对不应顶撞父母。

40. convey [k?n've?] vt. 传达 Don't forget to convey my regards when you see him. 你去见着他，别忘了给我捎个好儿。

41. criterion [kra?'t?r?n] (pl criteria) n. （批评、判断等的）标准 Only social practice can be the criterion of truth. 只有社会实践才能是检验真理的唯一标准。

42. cuisine [kw?zi:n] n. 烹饪，烹调法The hotel has a large dining room serving superb local cuisine. 饭店有一个大餐厅供应上好的当地菜肴。

43. damp [d?mp] adj. 微湿的

44. departure [d?pɑ:t?(r)] n. 离开 Do you know what lies behind her sudden departure for London? 你知道她突然去伦敦的原因吗？

45. desperate [?desp?r?t] adj. 绝望的；铤而走险的They made a desperate attempt to save the company. 他们为挽救公司作孤注一掷的努力。

46. detective [d?tekt?v] n. 侦探

47. distinction [d?st?k?n] n. 区别 We must draw a clear distinction between right and wrong. 我们必须明确区分是与非。

48. draft [drɑ:ft] vt. 起草 n.草稿 I know that this draft text will need to be edited.

49. electronic [?lek'tr?n?k] adj. 电子的 It is an electronic device with many uses. 这是一部具有多种用途的电子仪器。

50.enquiry [?n'kwa?r?] n. 询问 The enquiry must be independently conducted. 这次调查必须独立进行。

51. evident [?ev?d?nt] adj. 明显的 It has now become evident to us that a mistake has been made. 我们已经清楚出了差错。

52. expose [?k'sp?z] vt. 揭露；使暴露 We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers. 我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。

53. extraordinary [?k?str?dnri] adj. 非凡的，特别的 She has a marvellous voice with an extraordinary range. 她歌喉甜美，音域奇广。

54. fantasy ['f?nt?s?] n. 幻想；空想的产物

55. flashlight ['fl?la?t] n. 手电筒I saw the sudden flare of a flashlight in the darkness. 我看到手电筒在黑暗中突然闪出的亮光。

56. fortnight [?f?:tna?t] n. 两星期 You need a break. Why not take a fortnight off from work? 你需要休息，为什么不休假两周呢？

57. freeway ['fri:we?] n. 高速公路

58. gallery ['ɡ?l?r?] n. 画廊 A number of priceless works of art were stolen from the gallery. 美术馆中许多价值连城的艺术品被盗。

59. grand [ɡr?nd] adj. 宏大的 My hospital room was like Grand Central Station with everybody coming and going. 我的病房就像纽约的中央火车站，整天人来人往。

60. holy ['h?l?] adj. 神圣的 A holy person is required to read the Holy Bible. 圣徒必读《圣经》。

61. hydrogen [?ha?dr?d?n] n. <化>氢

62. identify [a?'dent?fa?] vt. 识别 Would you be able to identify the man who robbed you? 你能够认出那个抢你东西的人吗？

63. immigration [?m?gre?n] n. 移民；移居 A considerable number of people object to the government's attitude to immigration. 相当多的人反对政府对待移民问题的态度。

64. librarian [la?'bre?r?n] n. 图书管理员 The librarian entered a new book in the catalogue. 图书管理员把一本新书编入目录。

65. lid [l?d] n. 盖子I can't get this lid off—It'seems to be nailed down. 我打不开这个盖子，好像是被钉住了。

66. mourn [m?:n] vi. 哀痛 vt. 表示深深的遗憾

67. offensive [?fens?v] adj. 无礼的

68. plug [pl?ɡ] vt.& vi. 插上插头n. 塞子；插头 Check that the plug has not come loose . 检查一下别让插头松脱了。

69.portable [?p?:t?bl] adj. 手提的 I have a portable typewriter.

70. psychology [sa?'k?l?d?] n. 心理学

71. qualification [?kw?l?f?'ke?n] n. 资格 Jack has obtained a medical qualification. 杰克取得了行医资格证书。

72. random ['r?nd?m] adj. 任意的；随机的n. 随意 The interviews were given to a random sample of students. 随机抽选出部分学生进行了采访。

73. receipt [r?'si:t] n. 收据 After she paid the bill, she placed the receipt in her wallet. 她付了款之后把收据放进皮夹子里。

74. receptionist [r?sep?n?st] n. 接待员 Ask the receptionist to put your call through to my room. 让接待员把你的电话接到我房间。

75. reservation [?rez?'ve?n] n. 保留 I'll call the restaurant and make a reservation . 我要给饭店打个电话预订座位。

76. resign [r?'za?n] vt.& vi. 辞职，放弃

77. sacrifice ['s?kr?fa?s] n. 牺牲vt.& vi. 牺牲 He decided to sacrifice a trip for a new house. 为了购买新房子，他决定放弃旅行。

78. self [self]

79. sideway ['sa?dwe?] n.人行道

80. sleeve [sli:v] n.袖子

81. spiritual [?sp?r?t?u?l] adj. 精神的 People need a chance to reflect on spiritual matters in solitude. 人们需要独处的机会来反思精神上的事情。

82. stainless ['ste?nl?s] adj. 不锈的 I have a set of stainless knives and forks.

83. steep [sti:p] adj. 陡峭的 The slope is too steep for us to climb. 这斜坡太陡，我们爬不上去。

84. strawberry ['str?:b?r?] n. 草莓I only had a strawberry yoghurt for breakfast. 我早餐只吃一个草莓酸奶。

85. substitute ['s?bst?tju:t] vt.& vi. 代替n. 代替者Second again, we shouldn't substitute our 86. personal feeling for policies. 其次，我们不应该拿个人感情代替政策。

87. vacant [?ve?k?nt] adj. 空闲的Vacant positions can be made known through the medium of the press. 职位空缺可假托报纸公布于众。

88. valid ['v?l?d] adj. 有效的 Illness is a valid excuse for being absent from work. 生病是不去上班的正当理由。

89. visual ['vl] adj. 视觉的 I have a very good visual memory. 我过目不忘。

90. worm [w?:m] n. 虫，蠕虫

91. factor ['f?kt?(r)] n. 因素

92. negative ['neɡ?t?v] adj. 消极的

93. complain [k?m'ple?n] vi. 抱怨

94. complaint [k?m?ple?nt] n. 抱怨

95. detail [?di:te?l] n. 详述

96. solution [s?lu:?n] n. 解决；溶解

97. solve [s?lv] vt. 解决

98. involve [?n'v?lv] vt. 包含；使参与，牵涉

99. ideal [a?'di:?l] adj. 理想的n. 理想

101. narrator [n?re?t?(r)] n. （故事的）讲述者

102. neutral [?nju:tr?l] adj. 中立的

103. affirmative [?f?:m?t?v] adj. 肯定的；赞成的

104. economy [?'k?n?m?] n. 节约；经济

105. attentive [?tent?v] adj. 注意的

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肥皂液用来检测产生的H2（氢气），把氢气通入肥皂液，会产生泡泡，然后点燃泡泡，有爆鸣声，证明产物是H2，听声音，即可鉴别H2的纯度。

水蒸汽通入肥皂水，直接冷凝溶了，氢气通入肥皂水，产生明显的气泡，而且越来越多，附着在肥皂水表面（原理同吹泡泡），于是说明它们反应了，即生成了新物质氢气。

解析：原理：3Fe + 4H2O =高温=Fe3O4 + 4H2

铁粉与水蒸气反应生成的H2，在蒸发皿处加肥皂液，H2能使肥皂液变成气泡，气泡中有氢气，点燃气泡，可以很方便检验氢气的生成。主要目的是方便检验氢气的生成。