形式宾语例题,高考形式宾语

1.求问在英语当中，什么是谓语，宾语，主语，形式宾语，形式主语等之类的一些东西，要求举例。急！！！

2.高考英语单选题

3.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-非谓语动词1

4.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-怎样写好英语句子之一

5.one和that引导定语从句有何区别

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一、高考焦点指南在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面

1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题

高考真题例示：

例1. The photographs will show you ____．（MET1989）

A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like

C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like

例2. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ___________. (NMET2000)

A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is

例3. Can you make sure ______ the gold ring? (NMET1990)

A. where Alice had put B. where did Alice put

C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put

例4. He asked ________ for the violin. (NMET1991)

A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much

C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid

2. 考查引导词that与what的区别

高考真题例示：

例1. ______we can’t get seems better than ______we have. (NMET1996)

A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what

例2. No one can be sure _____ in a million years. (MET1991)

A. what man will look like B. what will man look like

C. man will look like what D. what look will man like

例3. _______ you have done might do harm to other people. (MET 1987)

A. That B. What C. Whether D. How

例4. _______ you don't like him is none of my business. (上海1992)

A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether

3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法

高考真题例示：

例1. _____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET1995)

A. There B. This C. That D. It

例2. It worried her a bit ______her hair was turning grey.

A. while B. if C. that D. for

例3. I hate _____when people talk with their mouths full. (NMET1998)

A. it B. that C. this D. them

例4. Does _______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? (MET 1991)

A. this B. that C. he D. it

4. 考查whether与if的区别

高考真题例示：

例1. _____we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET1996)

A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where

例2. What the doctors really doubt is _____my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (上海2001)

A. when B. how C. whether D. why

例3. _____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. (MET1992)

A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That

5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别

高考真题例示：

例1. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants. (NMET1997)

A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

例2. ______leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)

A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who

例3. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (上海1995)

A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who

6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题

高考真题例示：

例1：It is necessary that a college student ______at least a foreign language. (上海1993)

A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master

二、语法要点剖析

一、名词性从句

主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：

连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）

连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.

连接副词：when, where, how, why

1. 主语从句

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever， whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。

Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。

It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。

有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：

（1）?It + be + 名词 + that从句

（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句

（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句

（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句

另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：

It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …

It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…

It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…

2. 宾语从句

名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。

1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句

由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。

注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：

I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。

The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。

2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：

I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。

She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。

3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：

a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。

The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?

Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。

I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。

Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？

4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用

不同时态。例如：

he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）

he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）

I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）

he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）

当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．

5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：

We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。

I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。

3. 表语从句

在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：

The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。

That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。

This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。

It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning

4. 同位语从句

同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、 hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、 request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：

The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。

I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。

同位语从句和定语从句的区别：

that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。

试比较下面两个例句:

I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）

Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）

三、高考热点透视

1. ___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995)

A. There B. This C. That D. It

答案D。当名词从句在句中作主语时，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无实义。此句也可以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.

2．A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do．（NMET2001）

A．how B．after C．what D．when

答案C。从句子结构可知，句子的空白处应该填引导宾语从句的连词，做主句谓语动词do的宾语，同时该连接词还是从句中的do的宾语，因此，此处的连接词应该用what。

3. He asked ____ for a violin．（MET1992）

A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much

C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid

答案：D。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，句子语序要用陈述语序。

4. What the doctors really doubt is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon．（上海2001年春季招生）

A. when B. how C. whether D. why

答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据 doubt一词可知，所怀疑的应是是否能治好病，所以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。”

5．It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants. (NMET1997)

A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

答案B。根据句意“一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的。”可以看出后面的从句应是一个宾语从句，而从句中wants缺少宾语，A. however 和D. whenever是不能作宾语的；排除A和D，whichever表示“无论哪一个，无论哪些”，应表示一定范围内的人或物，此处没有涉及事物的范围，所以应选 B．whatever，表示“无论什么”。

6. ______leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)

A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who

答案C。本题句子的意思是：无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。本题考查连接代词whoever引导的名词性从句，连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句，并在从句中作主语，相当于any person who或The person who, 意为“一切……的人”。而anyone和the person均非连词，不能引导从句，况who leaves the room last意为“某个最后离开房间的人”，与题意不符，如果要选A. Anyone或B. The person，都必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D. Who就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。

7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (Shanghai1995)

A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who

答案为C。本题句子的意思是：Sarah希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是：前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；后者只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D，从句中需要的是主语，所以whomever也不行。

8. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

---- Is that ______ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999)

A. why B. what C. when D. where

答案A。根据语境，甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览。乙据此来询问甲这是否是请几天假的原因，故答案是A。答案B,C, D均与该题语境不符。根据上句提供的语境，下句应该问“那就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗？”

9. I still remember ______ this used to be a quiet village. ( NMET1993)

A. when B. how C. where D. what

答案A。根据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语，排除D．what，而答案C, D均与题意不符，所以应选A．when。used to be表示一种过去存在的状态，本句的意思是“我仍然记得这里在什么时候是个宁静的地方。”

10．I read about it in some book or other，does it matter ____ it was？（2001春季招生）

A．where B．what C．how D．which

答案D。这是一个主语从句。主语从句中缺少表语。从上句的意思分析，应是哪本书，所以要填which，这句话的意思是“我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容，是哪一本书重要吗？”。

11. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

A. while B. that C when D. as (2001年上海)

答案B。该题考查that引导的同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导，接在fact, news, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message名词后，用来解释或说明名词的内容。

12. —I think it is going to be a big problem.

—Yes, it could be.

—I wonder ______ we can do about it. (北京 2002春季)

A、if B、how C、what D、that

答案C。本题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法。wonder后面应跟宾语从句，而从句中的谓语动词do是及物动词，可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分，我们可以用排除法排除不作成分的if和that，再排除引导方式状语的how，答案是C，句子的意思是“我们能就此做些什么”。

四、专项考点练习

1. ________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.

A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says

2. _____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

A. What B. That C. How D. Where

3. It worried Mary a lot _____ she would pass the college entrance examination.

A. whether B. if C. that D. how

4. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It isn’t like _____ it used to be .

A .what B. how C. that D. which

5. ____ is no possibility ______ Bob will win the first prize in the match.

A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether

6. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ____ he had done the day before.

A .that B. how C .what D. where

7. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years.

A. had his daughter grown B. would his daughter grow

C. his daughter would grow D. his daughter had grown

8. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _______.

A.?how she is getting along B. how is she getting along

C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along

9. ____surprised me most was _____such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.

A.?That; what B. What; that C. That; that D. What; what

10. These wild flowers are so special I would do ______ I can to save them.

A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever

11. _____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.

A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The person

12. Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.

A. any; who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever

13. ____ she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.

A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that

14. It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.

A. What; that B. That; that C. What; what D. That;what

15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _______to the front.

A. should send B. must be sent C. should be sent D. must go

16. The true value of life is not in ______, but _______.

A. which we get; what give we B. what we get; what we give

C. which do we get; what do we give D. how we get; that we give

17. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _______.

A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be put off

18. Go and get your coat．It's ____ you left it．

A. where B. there C. here where D. where there

19. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______ shares her interests.

A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who

20. You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.

A. how they were excited B. how excited they were

C. how excited were they D. they were how excited

Keys: 1---5 A A ABA 6---10 CDABA 11----15 CCAA C 16---20 BAACB

求问在英语当中，什么是谓语，宾语，主语，形式宾语，形式主语等之类的一些东西，要求举例。急！！！

对于高考英语语法填空题上我们可以利用哪些解题技巧提高英语语法填空题的准确率呢？下面我为大家总结了一些高考英语语法填空解题技巧及攻略，供参考！

1.有提示词：考生要运用根据单词的适当形式填空的技巧。

可填词性：动词、名词、形容词和副词。

———若提示词为动词则先要进行两个步骤：

(1)将有横线的部分以句子为单位进行划分。(2)标出句子中动词 a.若句中无谓语动词则需考虑

① 时态和语态 ②主谓一致

b.若句中已经有一个谓语动词，而且没有连词，则需考虑非谓语动词

———若提示词为名词，则需考虑

①可数名词或是不可数名词。 ②可数名词单数或复数。

———若提示词为形容词副词则需考虑

①形容词修饰名词。

②副词修饰动词、形容词及整个句子。

③形容词和副词的比较级。

2. 无提示词： 可填词性：介词、代词、连词、冠词、情态动词。

——--若判断为介词则需考虑：

①，介词的基本意思，例如：with常考的三个意思： a.和 b.用 c.伴随

②固定搭配

——--若判断为代词则需考虑：

① 代词指代往向上文看(同时要注意主语单复数及男、女区别)。

②当动作发出者和承受者为同一人或物，则使用反身代词。

③it做形式主语及形式宾语，并且和可以指天气，时间。

——--若判断为冠词则需考虑：

① 定冠词和不定冠词的区别。

② a和an的区别。

③单数可数名词前一定要有冠词。

④ 固定搭配。

1、以往高考的单项选择主要是考查学生的英语语法记忆能力，改革后的语法填空题型不仅要求学生具有良好的英语语法知识，还加强了学生联系上下文的能力，要求学生能够理解和把握全文的内容，从某种意义上说，语法填空题型是以往单项选择试题和完型填空试题的结合产物，既有语法考查，也有篇章理解。

2、语法填空题型更侧重学生语法的实际应用能力的考查，难度较以前的单选试题有所增加，这就意味着学生要想在语法填空试题有更好的成绩，就应该具有扎实的英语语法知识和英语的实际应用能力。高中教师和学生应该意识到语法填空对词汇时态、语法和句型等英语基础知识的考查力度，因此，学生在平时的学习过程中，要打好英语基础知识的基础，提高英语知识的应用能力，发展英语的语言思维能力。语法填空题型的另一个特点就是无参考的词汇，这样学生只能凭借扎实的语法知识和英语实际应用能力才能应对自如，这也体现了新课标“突出语篇，强调运用”的精神，从而提高学生的语言实际输出和交际能力。

高考英语单选题

谓语[predicate verb] 谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成，依据其在句中谓语动词介绍繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。 谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。例如： I （like） walking.我喜欢走路。(一般现在时主动语态) I (made) your birthday cake last night..昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travelers and business （people all over the world）.全世界旅行者和商人都使用它 (一般现在时被动语态)。 1.宾语是在及物动词或介词后,接受某一动作、方式、状态或性质等具有名词性质的字、短语或从句。动作的承担者。例：He teaches English.He is a teacher.English就是动词teach的承担者. He speaks Japanese. 他讲日语。 专有名词Japanese作宾语。 I am good at swimming. 我擅长游泳。 动名词swimming作介词at的宾语。 I don't know the phone number. 我不知道电话号码。 名词短语the phone number作宾语。 She doesn't know me. 她不认识我。 代词me作宾语。 I want to know the answer. 我想知道答案。 不定式短语to know the answer作宾语。 Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗? 名词从句what I mean作宾语。 2.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是完全及物动词,后面必须接宾语。 He can't speak Chinese. 他不会讲中文。 speak当完全及物动词,后接宾语Chinese. 3.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词,后面除接宾语外,还要接宾语补语。 His mother named him Tommy. 他的母亲给他起名叫汤米。 named是不完全及物动词,后接宾语him句意表达不完整,还要接宾语补语Tommy。 4.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词,而后面接的宾语是短语或从句,后再接宾语补语时,必须将作宾语的短语或从句放在宾语补语之后,把it放在它的原来位置,这时it是形式宾语,短语或从句是真正宾语。 I think it is wrong to tell lies. 我认为撒谎是错误的。 it是形式宾语,不定式短语to tell lies是真正宾语,wrong是宾语补语。 Did you make it clear why she didn't come? 你弄清楚她没有来的原因了吗? it是形式宾语,名词从句why she didn't come是真正宾语,clear是宾语补语。 5.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是与格动词,后面要接两个宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语,其中直接宾语是所给与或告知的事物,间接宾语是接受事物的人。直接宾语与间接宾语时常可以互换位置。 I bought him a birthday present. 我给他买了一件生日礼物。 bought是与格动词,后接间接宾语him,再接直接宾语a birthday present。 I wrote my friend a letter. I wrote a letter to my friend. 我给我的朋友写了一封信。 The student asked me a question. (No change) 学生问了我一个问题。（无法变化） 6.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,因为句意已表达完整。 The sun rises in the morning. 太阳在早上升起。 rises是完全不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,in the morning是副词短语,作修饰语。 We are students. 我们是学生。 are是连系动词,后面不可接宾语,students是主语补语。1. 名词做主语： My school is not far from my house. 2. 代词做主语: We like our school very much. 3. 基数词做主语: Two add two is four. 4. 名词性或名词化的词、词组或短语: This is an article. 5. 动名词做主语: Seeing is believing. 6. 动词不定式做主语: To do such a job needs more knowledge. 7. 从句做主语: What I mean is to work harder. 主语的补语：它用在系动词后，是句子的一个基本成分。常用主－系－表结构。 1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语） 2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？ -- Me. --我。 （me做主语补语= It's me.） 3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. （she做主语补语） 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。形式主语和形式宾语通常用在不定式中，用it代替。 形式主语it 谓语或宾语 adj to do sth 如It is useful to study English。在这个句中真正的主语是后面的to do形式，it 叫形式主语。 形式宾语的句子 主语 谓语或宾语 it adj to do sth 如I think it is intresesting to dance 。真正的宾语是to do形式，it叫形式宾语。 形式主语和宾语的使用都是为了简化语句，让别人一目了然。之所以用it 代替是 避免头重脚轻。 形式主语it 作为形式主语的it并无实际语义，只是为满足语法上的需要，避免句子头重脚轻，它代替 的是句子的逻辑主语，概括起来会有如下情况：

1. 句子的逻辑主语为不定式

如：It is very kind of you to give me a hand in time. It is my pleasure to address the meeting. It was pretty hard for him to bring up the child on his own.

2. 句子的逻辑主语为从句

如：It so happened that the tickets were sold out. It is extremely obvious that she has been lying about her identity. It suddenly occurred to me that the message must have been hidden between the layers of the briefcase.

3. 句子的逻辑主语为动名词短语

这类句子远不如前面两种出现率高，主要在（no good, waste, useless, no use, dangerous）等词语的后面用 如：It is no use reasoning with him. It is no good reading in dim light. 作形式主语的代词只能用it ，不能用that，this等词。例如: 1) It is easier to lose friends than to make friends. 交朋友难而失去朋友比较容易。 2) It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages. 掌握至少两门外语对于当代年轻人来说是很重要的。 以上两句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。 3) It is considered no good reciting without understanding. 不理解的背诵被认为是没有好处的。 4) It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 以上两句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是V-ing形式。 5) It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.英语作为一门国际语言正日益为人们所接受，这是不争的事实。(NMET,95) 6) It depends on the weather whether we will go. 我们去不去得看天气行事。(其中的whether 不能换成if,因为if不能引导主语从句。) 以上两句中真正的主语是名词性从句。

[编辑本段]it 作形式主语主要用于下列三种情况

I. 不定式作真正主语

主要用于下列句型： 1. It + is/was + adj./n. (形容词或名词) +to do sth. A. 名词作表语。主要有a pity, a pleasure, an idea等。 例如： In fact________is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match. ( 2001上海高考题) A. this B. that C. there D. it (答案为D) 再如： It is a great pleasure to do this. 这样做多好啊。 It is a good idea to think this way. 这样考虑问题是个好办法。 除be外，其他动词也有跟名词的情况。例如： It seems a pity to waste the food. 浪费这些食物真可惜。 It requires efforts to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语需要种种努力。 B. 形容词或形容词短语作表语。 分两种情况： 1) 下列形容词： kind, good, nice, clever, wrong, right ,foolish, wise, unwise, stupid, rude, careless, cruel, brave, naughty, polite, selfish等词作表语时，不定式前常可加一个由of引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况。形容词表示不定式逻辑主语的特征，即形容词用来描述不定式行为者的性格、品行等。例如： It was foolish of you to leave school.你中途退学，真是傻瓜。 It was brave of her to speak out in public. 她能当众大声讲话，真勇敢。 这种of sb. to do sth. 句型，of 的宾语可以作句子的主语。上面两个句子可以改写为： You were foolish to leave school. She was brave to speak out in public. 2) 其他形容词作表语，常见的形容词有：necessary, hard， important, difficult, easy, possible，common等。例如： It is necessary to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes. 必须用短波收音机才能收到节目。 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加for ＋ 名词或代词 ＋ to do sth.(for 后的宾语不能作句子的主语)。名词或代词作不定式的逻辑主语，即表示不定式所指动作的执行者。在此句型中，形容词只对不定式行为者作某种描述，而不涉及其品行。例如： It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. 对于一个人来说做点好事并不难。 It,s common for leaves to fall from the trees in the fall. 秋天树叶从树上落下是件常事。 需要注意的是：动词不定式作主语，一般情况下用it作形式主语，而把动词不定式(从句)放在后面。也可以直接用不定式作主语。例如： It is wrong to tell lies. ＝ To tell lies is wrong. 撒谎是不对的。 但在疑问句和感叹句中，只能用it作形式主语。 例如： Isn't it a good idea to have a walk around? 出去兜一圈难道不是一个好主意吗？ What a pleasure it is to work with you! 同你一起工作是多么愉快啊！ 2. It + v. + to do sth. 动词不定式作主语时除动词be以外，动词take, cost， need, require, make, sound, occur 等也可用it作形式主语，而把动词不定式放在后面。例如： It took us three years to complete the project. 我们花费三年时间才完成了这项工程。 It sounds reasonable to do it this way.听起来这样做有道理。 It needed hard work to finish the job. 要完成这项工作需要努力地工作。 It didn,t occur to me to ask him to help me. 我根本没想到要找他帮忙。

II. 动名词作真正主语

用于这种形式的是一些特定的形容词和名词。例如： It was nice meeting you. 见到你真高兴! (分别时用) 它与不定式作真正主语的区别在于，动名词说到的动作已经发生。 例如: It is nice to meet you. (刚刚见面时用) it 作形式主语，动名词作真正主语主要用于下列句型： It's ＋n.(名词或名词短语)/adj.(形容词)＋ doing sth. 1)下列形容词后常用动名词作真正主语：nice, good, useless, hard, foolish, enjoyable, worthwhile等。例如： It is nice talking to you. 跟你交谈真是愉快。 It's foolish behaving like that. 这样的表现是很愚蠢的。 It is useless doing that. 那样做没用。 2)下列名词或名词短语作表语时常用动名词作真正主语：use, good, fun, a waste of, job, task等。例如： It's a waste of time doing this. 这样做是浪费时间的。 It's no good (use) doing that. 那样做没好处(没用)。 It's an awful job doing this. 做这事真是一件可怕的差事。 It's fun doing this. 做这事真有趣。 It is not an easy task doing this work. 做这工作真非易事。

III. 名词从句作真正主语

用it 作形式主语的结构主要用于下列句型： It +谓语+名词从句(主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句) 1. It is ＋名词＋从句: 这样的名词有a fact, a surprise, an honor(非常荣幸),a pity, common knowledge(常识)等。例如： It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather. 皓月兆天晴,这是常识。 It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question. 你对这个问题作了这样的回答，令人吃惊。 2. It is ＋形容词＋从句 : 这样的形容词有natural, true, strange, necessary, important, obvious(很明显), certain, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, probable等。例如： It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. 我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗，这是一定的。 It is probable that he has known everything. 很可能他什么都已经知道了。 3. It ＋动词＋从句: 这样的动词有seem,happen, appear, look, matter, make, strike, occur(突然想起)等。 It appeared that he had a taste for music. 看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力。 It made us very happy that she was saved.她能化险为夷令我们大家很高兴。 4. It ＋ be + 分词＋从句: 这样的分词有 said(据说)， reported(据报道),believed(人们相信)，known(众所周知)，decided(已决定)，proved(已证实), thought, expected, annouced, arranged, amusing, puzzling, striking等。例如： It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.据说李郝去过欧洲。 It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.桌上的空盒子里竟然跑出来一只兔子,太有趣了。 需要说明的是，大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以用 it充当形式主语。例如： It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。 It says in the newspaper that the enemy has been defeated. 报纸上报导敌人被打败了。

高考英语语法:高中英语语法-非谓语动词1

第一个问题的句式是一个主语同位语从句。意思是他最爱的就是油炸食物，（所以）他想减肥只是个梦这件事真是令人毫无意外。

句子的真正主语是?losing weight is just his dream。而这个主语太长了，放在句首一是读起来不顺，二是容易引起理解困难，三是不能突出表达no surprise（毫不奇怪）这个中心意思。因而用形式主语it代替了这个意思上的真正主语。

英语当中形式主语和形式宾语都是用it代替，指代较长的主语或是宾语。

如：It is widely accepted ?that drinking milk is good for children's health. 喝牛奶对小孩健康有益是一个被广泛接受的观点。

这里one=a job，作同位语。

按照句子意思和结构，这里所用的词要表示一份工作，因此用不定代词one.如果选择the one,则是特指这份工作。上文说的是a proper job,一份恰当的工作，因而是泛指的。

those可以用于比较句，但是比较句的比较成分应相同。也就是说，单数和单数比，人和人比，复数和复数比，物和同类比。上文是泛指的a scientist，因而被比较的也只能是单数，因而选one

补充问题中，问题的意思是：房间里面有人么？暗含问人的数量。回答应为没有人。而没有人有两个中文翻译，一是nobody,不定代词，侧重指人。而是none，意为0，没有一个人在。侧重指数量。根据上文，选择用none

高考英语语法:高中英语语法-怎样写好英语句子之一

《高中英语语法-非谓语动词1》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。

非谓语动词1

动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,因为不是谓语,也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语,分词短语,动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样,应用广泛,且在句中起着很活跃的作用,也是语法项目中的重点和难点,学好非谓语动词,才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。

动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用,所以叫做非谓语动词。

(一)动词不定式:

动词不定式由"to+ 动词原形"构成,如:to study, to play,动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用,但仍留着动词的特征,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。

1、动词不定式的形式变化:动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。

语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式

主 动 to build to have built to be building to have been building

被 动 to be build to have been build

2、动词不定式的基本用法:动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用,如:

(1)作主语:To help each other is good.(动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.

(2)作表语:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语,与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的谓语动词为is,动词不定式to set up? 为表语,主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语,即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语,主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的)。

(3)作宾语:①作及物动词的宾语,如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容词的宾语:可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

(4)作宾语补足语,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.

(5)动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如:I don't think it right to do it that way.

(6)作定语:动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.

(7)作状语:动词不定式可以作下列的状语:①目的状语: Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或为了),但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可强调目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式,表示"足能?"的结果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now.

3、复合结构不定式:由for + 名词(或代词宾格)+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语,这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day.

4、疑问词 + 动词不定式:疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

5、动词不定式的否定式:动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成,如:It's wrong of you not to attend the meeting.

6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:(1)一般式:动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同时);(2)完成式:动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)进行式:动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中,而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.

7、动词不定式的被动语态用法:如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般就用被动语态形式,如:What is to be done next hasn't been decided yet.

练习、非谓语动词(一)

1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.

A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how

2. Paul said, "Give me a chair _____."

A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on

3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.

A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice

4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .

A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving

5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.

A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help

6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.

A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be

7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.

A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place

C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place

8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.

A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting

9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.

A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils

10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?

A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat

1~5 DDACC 6~10 BCCAD 《高中英语语法-非谓语动词1》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com

one和that引导定语从句有何区别

《高中英语语法-怎样写好英语句子之一》由留学liuxue86.com我整理。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。

怎样写好英语句子之一

我们在前面曾提过学生的作文主要有以下几个方面的问题：

第一、英语底子太薄。

第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。

第三、表达思想不清楚。 下面我们看一些例子。

1 ） Some one consider that fresh water will not touch it's end.

2 ） One man's life lack of money， he will impossible to live on.

3 ） As is know， that there are much fake commodities in today's society.

这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的，其中 5 、 6 分的例句具有典型性，代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平的考生，事实上也包括中上等水平的考生，在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。

表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语，即中式英语，比如： ?man can live happiness? ， ?Man is iron， and food is steel.?， ＂ Women are half side sky. ＂。此外，语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法，而是最基本的单句写作能力。

文章无论长短，都是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。

为改变这种状况，我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手，对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析，来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。

否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词， be 和 have 后面加 not 之外，还有许多不含 not 的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看 ：

1 . 含有否定意义的词汇和短语

以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。

介词 against， beyond， but， except， without，?

形容词和动词 absent， deny， differ， different， fail， free， ignore， miss， refuse， the last， used to， reluctant， lack， want，?

短语 keep?from， protect?from， prevent?from， let alone， at a loss， in vain， instead of， out of the question， rather than， too?to， by no means， nything but，?

我们看以下例句：

1 ） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.

在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。

2 ） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.

这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。

3 ） We should protect trees from being destroyed.

我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。

4 ） In old China we could not make a nail， let alone（make） machines.

在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。

2 . 含有半否定意义的词语

barely， hardly， few， little， rarely， scarcely， seldom， not all， not everyone， not everything，? 具有半否定的意义。例句：

1 ） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.

几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。

2 ） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.

这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。

3 . 不含否定意义的否定结构

有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如： cannot but， can't help，

no sooner?than， not?until， in no time， none other than， nothing but， 等等。例句：

1 ） We can't but face the reality.

我们只有面对现实。

2 ） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.

这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。

4 . 否定结构的倒装语序

我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。例如：

1 ） On no account should we follow blindly. 我们决不应当盲从。

2 ） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country. 没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。

五、 含有 it 的结构

考生病句：

1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.

2. It is known to us， practice makes perfect.

正确表达：

1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. （ 或 ：As is known to all of us， science?）

2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. （ 或 ：As is known to us， practice?）

评议与分析：

例句 1 是 93 年 12 月六级考试 11 分作文的评分样卷句子，例句 2 选自 97 年 1 月四级考试作文。很显然，两个考生混淆了 it 和 as 的用法。如果用 it 作形式主语，后面的主语从句必须由 that 引起；如果用 as ，则后面不能用 that ，因为 as 是关系代词，代表 practice makes perfect .

It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。

1 .作形式主语

It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes ifference whether we could purify the air or not.

2. 作形式宾语

We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.

3. 引导强调句

It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.

从语法结构来看，上述的句子都不难，或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中，多 《高中英语语法-怎样写好英语句子之一》由留学liuxue86.com我整理

高考中常常考查one和that作为普通代词的区别，还常与it进行区别。主要用法如下：

I. it／one ／that三者均可用作代词, 指代前面提到的名词。一般说来, it指代同名同物; one与that则指代同名异物。

I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for it. （该句中it就是指前面的my umbrella）

I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one. （one在该句中表泛指, 因为my umbrella已经丢了）

The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought. （替代词that在该句中特指“the umbrella I bought”, 以区别“the umbrella you bought”）

II. one与that虽可用来指代同名异物, 但one为泛指, 相当于a／an＋名词; that为特指, 相当于the ＋名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 a／an ／some ／any; that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the ／this ／that。

A chair made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. （该句中one可以换成a chair）

The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot. （该句中that可以换成 the water）

III. one只能代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用ones; that既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数, 代替可数名词复数时用 those。

I like this pen more than that one. （one代替可数名词单数pen）

There were a few young people and some older ones in the house. （ones代替可数名词复数people）

Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Peter. （that代替不可数名词 handwriting）

These pictures are more beautiful than those. （those代替可数名词复数 pictures）

IV. one既可代替事物, 也可代替人, that只能代替事物而不能代替人。有时可以用the one或the ones代替that或those。

The one ／That on the table is mine. （该句中The one代替事物, 并且也可以用That）

He is the teacher, the one who is loved by the students. （该句中the one代替人, 不能用that）

He advised the farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones ／those that had the best color. （该句中the ones代替事物, 并且也可以用those）

V. one一般有前置修饰语, 有时也可有后置修饰语或不用修饰语。而 that不能有前置修饰语, 但可有后置修饰语。

Cook was a strict but good captain, one who took good care of his sailors.

The water in the well is cleaner than that in the river.

VI. it可以替代句中的不定式或从句等, 充当形式主语或形式宾语。one与that均无此用法。

It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month.

I found it hard to get on with her.

VII. it与that均可以替代上文全句的内容或部分内容, 而one ／ones则不可以。